The ‘Pain in my Heart’

B. Stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)

Discussion

The EKG shows T wave inversion in the lateral leads, which was new for the patient compared to her EKG two months ago. The LV gram shows apical ballooning, characteristic of stress cardiomyopathy. The patient was treated conservatively, and on further discussion, was found to be a victim of severe elder abuse.

Stress cardiomyopathy is characterized by transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction (often apical ballooning), often extending beyond a single vascular territory, with EKG findings and troponin elevation mimicking myocardial infarction, but do not have significant coronary artery disease. This is seen in approximately 1-2% of people presenting with troponin-positive suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS).¹ It is more commonly seen in women in their seventh and eighth decade of life.² The EKG findings are indistinguishable from ACS and include ST-segment elevation in about 35 to 80%, T wave abnormalities in about 60%, and Q waves in about 20 to 30%.^3,4 Cardiac biomarkers are usually mildly elevated in most patients.³ A physical or emotional stressor is often associated with the onset of symptoms.

Stress cardiomyopathy is often a transient condition managed with supportive therapy. However, in the presence of cardiogenic shock, hemodynamic support via vasopressors and possibly mechanical circulatory support are often required. Rarely, a thrombus may be found in the left ventricle, warranting anticoagulation therapy. Similarly, if patients present with a severely reduced ejection fraction, some authorities recommend anticoagulation, but the evidence behind this approach is limited. In-hospital mortality for stress cardiomyopathy varies from 0-8% in the various study populations; increasing age, physical stressors, comorbid conditions, and shock at presentation are all associated with poor outcome. Once patients survive the acute episode, systolic function usually recovers within a few weeks.

References

1. Kurowski V, Kaiser A, von Hof K, et al. Apical and midventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy): frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis. Chest. 2007;132(3):809-816. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0608
2. Akashi YJ, Goldstein DS, Barbaro G, Ueyama T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a new form of acute, reversible heart failure. Circulation. 2008;118(25):2754-2762. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.767012
3. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Sumner G, Hiralal R, Lonn E. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(13):1523-1529. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl032\
4. Namgung J. (2014). Electrocardiographic Findings in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: ECG Evolution and Its Difference from the ECG of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology, 8, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMC.S14086